Children involved in team sports show superior executive function compared to their peers involved in self-paced sports

Children’s motor and cognitive functions develop rapidly during childhood. Physical activity and executive function are intricately linked during this important developmental period, with physical activity interventions consistently proving to benefit children’s executive function. However, it is less clear which type of physical activity shows the strongest associations with executive function in children. Therefore, this study compared executive function performance of children aged 8 to 12 that either participated in team sports or self-paced sports or were not involved in any kind of organized sports (non-athletes). Results demonstrate that children participating in team sports show superior executive function compared to children participating in self-paced sports and non-athletes. Importantly, children participating in self-paced sports do not outperform non-athletes when it comes to executive function. This study is the first to show that even at a very young age, team sports athletes outperform athletes from self-paced sports as well as non-athletes on a multifaceted and comprehensive test battery for executive function. Furthermore, our findings support the hypothesis that cognitively engaging physical activity, such as participation in team sports, might show stronger associations with executive functioning compared to other types of sports and physical activity

The factor structure of executive function in childhood and adolescence

Executive functioning (EF) plays a major role in many domains of human behaviour, including self-regulation, academic achievement, and even sports expertise. While a significant proportion of cross-sectional research has focused on the developmental pathways of EF, the existing literature is fractionated due to a wide range of methodologies applied to narrow age ranges, impeding comparison across a broad range of age groups. The current study used a cross-sectional design to investigate the factor structure of EF within late childhood and adolescence. A total of 2166 Flemish children and adolescents completed seven tasks of the Cambridge Brain Sciences test battery. Based on the existing literature, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed, which indicated that a unitary factor model provides the best fit for the youngest age group (7–12 years). For the adolescents (12–18 years), the factor structure consists of four different components, including working memory, shifting, inhibition and planning. With regard to differences between early (12–15 years) and late (15–18 years) adolescents, working memory, inhibition and planning show higher scores for the late adolescents, while there was no difference on shifting. The current study is one of the first to administer the same seven EF tests in a considerably large sample of children and adolescents, and as such contributes to the understanding of the developmental trends in EF. Future studies, especially with longitudinal designs, are encouraged to further increase the knowledge concerning the factor structure of EF, and the development of the different EF components

Effect of nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis strains on free-living nematodes : 2. Ultrastructural analysis of the intoxication process in Caenorhabditis elegans

La microscopie électronique par transmission a été utilisée pour décrire l'intoxication de #Caenorhabditis elegans se nourrissant sur des spores/cristaux de #Bacillus thuringiensis. La toxine agit directement sur l'intestin où elle affecte initialement l'anneau de quatre cellules le plus antérieur. En 12 heures, le volume de ces cellules diminue considérablement, les microvillosités régressent lentement, de nombreux organites cellulaires subissent des changements spectaculaires pour être finalement détruits. Il n'a pas été observé de rupture de la membrane cellulaire apicale. Les tissus autres qu'intestinaux n'apparaissent pas affectés. Cette étude révèle des différences ultrastructurales considérables entre le mode d'action des toxines nématicides et celui des cristaux insecticides émanant les uns et les autres de #Bacillus thuringiensis$. (Résumé d'auteur

Effect of a nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis strain on free- living nematodes : 3. Characterization of the intoxication process

La toxicité de #Bacillus thuringiensis est fonction de la température. L'incubation de #Caenorhabditis elegans avec des souches de #B. thuringiensis à 16, 20 et 25°C montre que la toxicité décroît en même temps que la température. A 16°C, la toxicité disparaît complètement, tandis qu'elle atteint son maximum à 25°C. La toxicité, fonction du pH, diminue significativement lorsque les nématodes sont mis en incubation dans des bases faibles (NH4Cl, chloroquine, acridine orange, rouge de méthyle, rouge neutre). A partir de ces résultats, il est possible d'avancer l'hypothèse que l'agent nématicide pénètre à l'intérieur des cellules intestinales, ce qui constitue une différence notable avec les toxines des souches insecticides de #B. thuringiensis lesquelles agissent au niveau de la membrane en brosse. Bien que l'absence de toxine purifiée ne permette pas l'élucidation définitive de son mode d'action, les résultats exposés dans cette troisième, et dernière, partie de la série de publications traitant du sujet, apportent une indication convaincante du fait que les souches nématicides de #B. thuringiensis$ ne peuvent tenir les mêmes promesses que les souches insecticides en tant qu'agent de contrôle biologique. (Résumé d'auteur

Children involved in team sports show superior executive function compared to their peers involved in self-paced sports

Children’s motor and cognitive functions develop rapidly during childhood. Physical activity and executive function are intricately linked during this important developmental period, with physical activity interventions consistently proving to benefit children’s executive function. However, it is less clear which type of physical activity shows the strongest associations with executive function in children. Therefore, this study compared executive function performance of children aged 8 to 12 that either participated in team sports or self-paced sports, or were not involved in any kind of organized sports (non-athletes). Results demonstrate that children participating in team sports show superior executive function compared to children participating in self-paced sports and non-athletes. Importantly, children participating in self-paced sports do not outperform non-athletes when it comes to executive function. This study is the first to show that even at a very young age, team sports athletes outperform athletes from self-paced sports as well as non-athletes on a multifaceted and comprehensive test battery for executive function. Furthermore, our findings support the hypothesis that cognitively engaging physical activity, such as participation in team sports, might show stronger associations with executive functioning compared to other types of sports and physical activity

Assessing decision-making in elite academy footballers using real-world video clips

The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether there were differences in decision-making skills between different age groups (Under 16, 18 and 23) of elite academy footballers on a video-based task of real-life football scenarios. It also explored the relationship between individual performance on the task and the performance of the footballers on the pitch, as rated by three independent expert football coaches. This allowed us to examine whether this task is useful in predicting real-world decision-making skills. The results show that there was a significant difference in response times between response time was statistically significantly lower in U23 compared to U18 and U16 and there was no statistically significant difference between the U16 and the U18 groups, but no significant difference between age groups on the accuracy of response. The under 23 age group responded significantly quicker when compared to the under 18 and under 16 age group most quickly, then the U18, and finally, U16 footballers were the slowest on the task. In terms of comparing coaches' opinion about the players' decision-making skills and players performance on the task, there was a positive correlation between accuracy on the task and general decision-making skills rated by the coaches, suggesting that coaches have a good insight on what players can actually do as. However, coaches ratings of decision-making skills and response times on the task did not correlate suggesting that coaches are not aware of the speed of decision-making, and that this is only measurable by a representative task

Cave and karst science in Italy

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